{
  "name": "State pharmacy technician-to-pharmacist supervision ratios",
  "description": "The maximum number of pharmacy technicians a single pharmacist may supervise in each US state, with the practice setting it applies to and any conditions that raise or lower the cap. Each record is one jurisdiction with its ratio rule, the practice setting (community/retail, hospital/institutional, or both), whether conditional increases apply (e.g., higher ratio if technicians are certified, if automated dispensing is in use, or if the setting is institutional), and the regulatory citation. Answers 'how many techs can I supervise in Ohio' (no cap on licensed technicians; max 3 trainees), 'does California allow a higher ratio for certified techs', 'which states have no fixed ratio', and 'what is the pharmacist-to-tech ratio in a hospital in Connecticut'. States range from strict 1:2 caps (Connecticut community, New York community, Tennessee) to no fixed cap (Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin \u2014 at least 13 states where professional judgment applies).",
  "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/",
  "licence": "State administrative codes and statutes are government works. Facts are not copyrightable (Feist, 1991); each record quotes a short attributed span and links back to the state's own regulatory text.",
  "last_verified": "2026-08-15",
  "stale_after": "2027-08-15",
  "sources": [
    "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
    "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4729:3-3-01",
    "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title3/agency10/chapter40/section110/",
    "https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/laws_regs/lawbook.pdf",
    "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-639.html"
  ],
  "records": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Arizona",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-arizona",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-arizona/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Colorado",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-colorado",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-colorado/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Florida",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-florida",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-florida/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Georgia",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "conditional_increase": "up to 4:1 when technicians are certified and certain safety measures are in place",
      "id": "all-settings-georgia",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-georgia/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Georgia: Commonly 1:3 base, up to 1:4 when technicians are certified and certain safety measures are in place.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Idaho",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-idaho",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-idaho/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Iowa",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-iowa",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-iowa/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Michigan",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-michigan",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-michigan/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Minnesota",
      "max_ratio": "4:1",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "conditional_increase": "with certification or setting-specific safeguards",
      "id": "all-settings-minnesota",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-minnesota/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Minnesota and North Dakota: Generally allow higher caps (up to around 1:4) with certification or setting-specific safeguards.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "conditional_increase",
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Missouri",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-missouri",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-missouri/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "North Carolina",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-north-carolina",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-north-carolina/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "North Dakota",
      "max_ratio": "4:1",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "conditional_increase": "with certification or setting-specific safeguards",
      "id": "all-settings-north-dakota",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-north-dakota/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Minnesota and North Dakota: Generally allow higher caps (up to around 1:4) with certification or setting-specific safeguards.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "conditional_increase",
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Ohio",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "trainee_count": "3 trainees per pharmacist",
      "regulatory_citation": "OAC 4729:3-3-01",
      "id": "all-settings-ohio",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-ohio/",
      "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4729:3-3-01",
      "source_quote": "A pharmacist is not permitted to supervise more than three pharmacy technician trainees engaging in the activities pursuant to paragraph (B) of this rule at any time, unless otherwise approved by the board."
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Oregon",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-oregon",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-oregon/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "South Carolina",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "conditional_increase": "up to 4:1 if some technicians are state-certified and workflow controls exist",
      "id": "all-settings-south-carolina",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-south-carolina/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "South Carolina: Often 1:3 base; 1:4 if some technicians are state-certified and workflow controls exist.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Tennessee",
      "max_ratio": "2:1",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "conditional_increase": "board-approved exceptions for higher ratios if justified",
      "id": "all-settings-tennessee",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-tennessee/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Tennessee: Often 1:2 by default, with board-approved exceptions for higher ratios if justified.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "conditional_increase",
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Texas",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-texas",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-texas/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Washington",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-washington",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-washington/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Wisconsin",
      "max_ratio": "no fixed ratio (professional judgment)",
      "practice_setting": "all settings",
      "id": "all-settings-wisconsin",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/all-settings-wisconsin/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "States with no fixed pharmacist-to-technician ratio (professional judgment required): Common examples include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Virginia",
      "max_ratio": "6:1",
      "practice_setting": "cannabis dispensing",
      "regulatory_citation": "3VAC10-40-110",
      "id": "cannabis-dispensing-virginia",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/cannabis-dispensing-virginia/",
      "source": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title3/agency10/chapter40/section110/",
      "source_quote": "The ratio of pharmacy technicians to pharmacists on duty in the areas of a pharmaceutical processor designated for production or dispensing or in a cannabis dispensing facility shall not exceed six pharmacy technicians to one pharmacist.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "practice_setting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "community/retail",
      "regulatory_citation": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code \u00a7 4115(g)(1)",
      "id": "community-retail-california",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/community-retail-california/",
      "source": "https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/laws_regs/lawbook.pdf",
      "source_quote": "A pharmacy with only one pharmacist shall have no more than three pharmacy technicians performing the tasks specified in subdivision (a). A pharmacy with only one pharmacist shall have no more than one pharmacy technician performing the tasks specified in subdivision (b). If a pharmacy technician is performing the tasks specified in subdivision (b), a second pharmacy technician shall be assisting a pharmacist with performing tasks specified in subdivision (a). The ratio of pharmacy technicians performing the tasks specified in subdivision (a) to any additional pharmacist shall not exceed 3 to 1"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Connecticut",
      "max_ratio": "2:1",
      "practice_setting": "community/retail",
      "conditional_increase": "higher (e.g., 1:3) in institutional settings with conditions",
      "id": "community-retail-connecticut",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/community-retail-connecticut/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Connecticut: Often 1:2 in community/outpatient; higher (e.g., 1:3) in institutional settings with conditions.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "conditional_increase",
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "community/retail",
      "conditional_increase": "may supervise more if not more than three are performing technician duties as set forth in NAC 639.245, and the pharmacy record identifies which technicians are performing those duties",
      "trainee_count": "1 technician plus 2 trainees",
      "regulatory_citation": "NAC 639.250(2)",
      "id": "community-retail-nevada",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/community-retail-nevada/",
      "source": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-639.html",
      "source_quote": "in any pharmacy, other than a hospital pharmacy, telepharmacy, remote site, satellite consultation site or nondispensing pharmacy, a pharmacist may not supervise more than a total of three pharmaceutical technicians or one pharmaceutical technician and two pharmaceutical technicians in training at one time."
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "New York",
      "max_ratio": "2:1",
      "practice_setting": "community/retail",
      "id": "community-retail-new-york",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/community-retail-new-york/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "New York: Typically caps near 1:2 in community. Watch counting rules for unlicensed support or trainees.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Rhode Island",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "community/retail",
      "conditional_increase": "different limits in institutional settings",
      "id": "community-retail-rhode-island",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/community-retail-rhode-island/",
      "source": "https://pharmacyfreak.com/pharmacy-technician-ratios-how-many-techs-are-too-many-the-state-by-state-laws-that-impact-safety-and-your-license/",
      "source_quote": "Rhode Island and Nevada: Frequently 1:3 in community, with different limits in institutional settings.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "conditional_increase",
        "jurisdiction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "max_ratio": "board-determined ratio",
      "practice_setting": "institutional/hospital",
      "regulatory_citation": "Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code \u00a7 4115(g)(2)",
      "id": "institutional-hospital-california",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/institutional-hospital-california/",
      "source": "https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/laws_regs/lawbook.pdf",
      "source_quote": "The board may adopt regulations establishing the ratio of pharmacy technicians performing the tasks specified in subdivision (a) to pharmacists applicable to the filling of prescriptions of an inpatient of a licensed health facility and for a patient of a licensed home health agency. Any ratio established by the board pursuant to this subdivision shall allow, at a minimum, at least one pharmacy technician for a single pharmacist in a pharmacy and two pharmacy technicians for each additional pharmacist"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "institutional/hospital",
      "conditional_increase": "may supervise more if not more than three are performing technician duties as set forth in NAC 639.245, and the pharmacy record identifies which technicians are performing those duties",
      "trainee_count": "2 technicians plus 1 trainee when supervising distributive functions",
      "regulatory_citation": "NAC 639.250(1)",
      "id": "institutional-hospital-nevada",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/institutional-hospital-nevada/",
      "source": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-639.html",
      "source_quote": "in a hospital, a pharmacist who is dispensing prescriptions may not supervise more than a total of three pharmaceutical technicians at one time. A pharmacist who is supervising distributive functions may not supervise more than a total of two pharmaceutical technicians and one pharmaceutical technician in training while the trainee is performing technician functions in on-the-job training.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "trainee_count"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "max_ratio": "8:1",
      "practice_setting": "nondispensing pharmacy",
      "trainee_count": "6 technicians plus 2 trainees",
      "regulatory_citation": "NAC 639.250(4)",
      "id": "nondispensing-pharmacy-nevada",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/nondispensing-pharmacy-nevada/",
      "source": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-639.html",
      "source_quote": "In any nondispensing pharmacy, a pharmacist may not supervise more than a total of eight pharmaceutical technicians or six pharmaceutical technicians and two pharmaceutical technicians in training at one time.",
      "verified_fields": [
        "practice_setting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "max_ratio": "3:1",
      "practice_setting": "telepharmacy/remote site/satellite consultation site",
      "regulatory_citation": "NAC 639.250(3)",
      "id": "telepharmacy-remote-site-satellite-consultation-site-nevada",
      "url": "https://referencesource.org/pharmacy-technician-supervision-ratios/telepharmacy-remote-site-satellite-consultation-site-nevada/",
      "source": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac-639.html",
      "source_quote": "In any telepharmacy, remote site or satellite consultation site, a pharmacist may not supervise more than a total of three pharmaceutical technicians at one time."
    }
  ]
}